buy custom Canada’s Health Care essay

purchase custom Canada’s Health Care exposition The medicinal services arrangement of Canada is gradually developing to be a major worry in the contemporary society. Numerous individuals from Canada don't have specialists to help them. Additionally, there are insufficient crisis rooms to provide food for confirmation cases. The trust that the extraordinary tests will be done have progressively become long that an individual could without much of a stretch capitulate to a genuine sickness they have been determined to have, before they get any legitimate treatment. Understaffing has prompted workaholic behavior of medical caretakers since the Canadian government has made sliced backs to the human services framework that was intended to ensure the government assistance of residents. The preparation of specialists is ordinarily at a moderate pace, and subsequently, can't oblige the expanding populace and the specialists themselves couldn't remain in Canada in the wake of preparing (Health care framework, 2012). Some transition to the United States and other created nations because of high compensation offered, which isn't the situation in Canada. Basically, Canada does not have a genuine general human services worldview. Social insurance in Canada is evidently a benefit and not an ideal for the residents (Commonwealth Fund Report, 2010). Sickness is rising as an intense issue on account of deficient human services experts and offices in Canada. The cutting edge society is living longer than was the situation previously. Thus, there is a requirement for a vastly improved social insurance. Patients, who recuperate from these methodology, are released rapidly than it was the situation previously. The absence of clinics and palliative consideration offices has constrained terminal patients be sent home exceptionally quick. Such conditions demonstrate that the social insurance arrangement of Canada requires norms elevate for the residents to live beyond words respectability. The social insurance framework in Canada makes the residents homeless people since they can't pick any medicinal services administration. The Canadians appear to have become accustomed to the awful medicinal services plan in their nation. The premiums they pay and the long time they need to hold up before they get human services is turning out to be a piece of the framework. Individuals need to hang tight for five hours in the Emergency Room. Somewhere in the range of 1993 and 2003, the middle hang tight for human services treatment for a patient in the wake of being alluded to a general professional moved from around 9 weeks to just about 18 weeks (Hoar, 2004). This would likely be a tremendous astonishment to numerous individuals in Canada since the yearly spending plan for Canadas human services framework is $46 billion. The number is thought to have been minimized since it isn't the sum that decides the soundness of the Canadians. The solutions for various clinical cases are scan t, while the exploration is over the top expensive in Canada contrasted with that in the United States. Medicinal services System in Canada and other Advanced Countries Social insurance frameworks are totally different in various pieces of the world and Canada is by all accounts lingering a great deal behind some created nations. The greater part of the created nations have planned their social insurance frameworks to address wellbeing matters of their populaces (Commonwealth Fund Report, 2010). Not at all like in Canada, the center is in the arrangement of good wellbeing and snappy reaction to the necessities of the populace and ensuring that they have a reasonable monetary commitment. This has been accomplished through various techniques. Some have had the option to convey the social insurance framework arranging among the members in the market, though in others, arranging is done midway among noble cause, worker's organizations, governments and other facilitated bodies (Commonwealth Fund Report, 2010). The social insurance framework is a multifaceted idea and can take different structures the world over. In numerous countries, the social insurance framework isolates itself into private and state, despite the fact that there are expenses, associated with both, there are a few exemptions. In such nations like Australia, the current framework coincides with a private arrangement of social insurance. All lawful perpetual residents are qualified with the expectation of complimentary general social insurance (Commonwealth Fund Report, 2010). Treatment, offered by private specialists, is additionally free if the specialist charges the Health Department. In such places like Cuba, the human services framework charges expenses in rewarding certain worldwide patients, despite the fact that the visitors, getting sick, are dealt with free in the clinics in Cuba. In France, a large portion of the specialists stay with private practice. The medical clinics in India are worked by beneficent trusts , the administration and private associations. Aside from the contemporary medication framework, customary and indigenous frameworks of social insurance are polished all through India. Elective medicinal services frameworks are perceived by the Indian government. All the individuals, who are legitimate residents of Ireland, are qualified for acceptable human services through the Ireland medicinal services framework. It is just in certain occurrences an individual would be required to pay a specific financed charge for explicit human services given. This depends on age, incapacity, disease and salary. The Russians reserve the privilege to get to government human services and free clinical help. Indeed, even with the yearly financial plan of $46 billion, Canada despite everything utilizes fwer assets on human services, when contrasted with the United States, regardless of coming up short on an all inclusive framework. This is on the grounds that the administration of Canada sets calendars of expenses for yearly medical clinic spending plans, specialists and costs for tranquilize remedy. Examination shows that Canada distributes $2,600 per occupant less in a year than is the situation in the United States. The charges for in-office visits are additionally impressively less. Be that as it may, the spending plans in medical clinics are nearly the equivalent. After the administration sets the yearly spending plan, every clinic should work inside their relegated financial plan. Strict spending plans just suggest that the medical clinics in Canada can't put resources into innovation and hardware that might spare numerous individuals. In reality, the human services framework in Can ada would be progressively influenced if it was not topographically near the United States, when the individuals of Canada need better and snappy consideration. This is genuine on the grounds that around 160,000 clinical medicines and administrations were completed on Canadians outside Canada over a time of three years, most in the United States from 2007 to 2010 (Hinds, 2010). One basic arrangement of issues, influencing both private and open approach creators dread in Canada, could be the undertaking of re-structuring the consideration procedure to advance the conveyance of patient-focused consideration. Understanding focused consideration is depicted as the human services that organizations an association in the midst of patients, experts and families to ensure choices that consider the requirements and inclinations of the patients and request the contribution of the patients on help and the instruction expected to settle on choices and participate in the social insurance process (Lasser et al., 2006). Around forty years back, Canada and the United States were moderately the equivalent, concerning the medicinal services frameworks. Be that as it may, the case is distinctive today. A joint investigation of the United States and Canada, directed on wellbeing, thought about salary, age, migration status, sexual orientation and race, utilizing strategic rela pse in assessing nations as a translator of human services access, fulfillment and nature of care and as an indicator of the distinctions, in light of these measures. By and large, Canadian human services framework positions second to last, when contrasted with such industrialized countries like Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the U.K and the United States as of now revealed by a private United States establishment that looks at and examines worldwide social insurance frameworks. It just beat that of the United States in this gathering. The report depended on information from mail and telephones overviews, did with patients and specialists in these nations (Valiante and Canwest News Service, 2010). Cathy Schoen, a co-creator of this report and The Commonwealth Fund senior VP credited the situation of Canada on wellbeing matters to insufficient essential consideration administrations and the sluggish appropriation of coordinated data innovation, which would be a helpful framework in keeping records (Health care change in Canada, n.d). Notwithstanding positioning high over the United States on social insurance framework matters, Canada has been exceptionally delayed in the utilization of electronic records in its framework (Valiante and Canwest News Service, 2010). Hold up times is an extremely huge issue as revealed by Canadian patients, going to see a specialist. Moreover, there are no night-time care and an issue has been managed the utilization of crisis spaces for cases that can't be accounted for as crisis. Taking a gander at the United States, IT frameworks are of an extremely elevated expectation and make it feasible for specialists to know all the drugs, given to a patient right away. IT frameworks offer early admonitions and, simultaneously, alarms on a people recuperation. With an arrangement of all inclusive medical coverage, Canada spends practically half as much on human services per capita tantamount to the United States, despite the fact that the individuals of Canada live somewhere in the range of 2 and 3 years longer. Various populace based data is accessible, concerning medicinal services procedures and propensities for care in both Canada and the United States, which could be utilized to clarify the distinction in the future. Both the inhabitants of the United States and the Canadians are not really happy with their frameworks of human services. Also, the low-pay workers in the United States seemed to have more issues, achieving care than their friends in other English-Speaking nations like in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand (Lasser et al., 2006). On a joint examination among Canada and the United States, Americans are less inclined to have a normal specialist and bound to experience un-tended to needs. A medicinal services report in Canada in 2011 expressed that the explanations behind having such needs were unique. In addition, 7% of American respondents who were moderately not exactly the Canadian respondents by a unimportant 1% experienced neglected needs because of budgetary inclinations

“A Doll’s House” by Katherine Mansfield Essay

â€Å"The Doll’s House† is one of the delegate accounts of Katherine Mansfield. Who is known for newness of her methodology and perfectly hued strategies for introducing her thoughts. The story essentially gives us profound understanding into the habits and practices of the privileged families. Here she criticizes the negative way of thinking of social separation brought about by lopsided division of riches. It delightfully draws out the passionate connection between the three sisters and their companions. In addition, it passes on a thought that guardians demeanor impact their youngsters and deny them of their regular goodness. In short in life-like way Katherine discloses to us the shrouded indecencies individuals having a place with higher society. From the very start of the story we see that the young ladies of Burnell’s family got a wonderful doll’s house from Mrs. Roughage. It was an enchanting house having a drawing room, a dinning-room, a kitchen and two rooms. All the rooms had tables, seats, beds and covers. The rooms were painted in various hues anyway Kezia loved the light without question, which was put in the dinning-room. The young ladies were exceptionally energized and needed to demonstrate it to their companions. So the following morning they surged towards the school however the chime had rung and they couldn't reveal it to the young ladies. Be that as it may, at the recess, Isabel finallyâ disclosed the updates on the house, which spread like out of control fire. Whenever was concluded that two young ladies would see the house at once. All the young ladies got a chance to see the doll’s house, aside from the Kelvey sisters, as they had a place with a poor family. So everyone prodded them. Being the girl of washerwoman and criminal, they wereâ victim of the feeling of inadequacy. Anyway Kezia needed at that point to see the house, so she approached her mom for consent however was brutally reproved. One day she saw the young ladies passing by the house. As the family was upstairs, she welcomed them to see the house. They Kelveys could notâ believe however ventured into the yard, as they normally needed to see it. Suddenly auntie Beryl’s came there and requested them to go out in an offending way. They Kelveys fled from that point with the sentiment of disgrace yet they were glad to have seen the house. At long last, we can say that the essayist has delightfully indicated the disposition of the rich against poor people. The guardians are answerable for making disparity in the public eye. Kids, for example, Kezia are chided in light of the fact that they are guiltless and can't see the contrast between the rich and poor.

Biological Surrogacy in the United States

Research Paper Thousands of ladies in the United States face troubles with ripeness. They experience the ill effects of various medical issues, since fruitlessness consistently prompts an immense good torment. Society frequently sees ladies, who can't have youngsters, as men-like and fragmented. Indeed, even the most costly regenerative advancements don't assist with tackling female barrenness issues. In this unique circumstance, organic surrogacy and egg gift speak to the two simple approaches to enable a lady to turn into a mother.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Biological Surrogacy in the United States explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every year, the quantity of youngsters brought into the world through surrogacy in the United States develops. In any case, the legitimate, moral, and good restrictions of natural surrogacy ought not be disregarded. Ladies who consent to become substitute moms must set themselves up for the good and physical a gonies of partition with the youngster. Ladies who pick proxy moms to convey their children must be prepared to acknowledge the youngster, paying little heed to his (her) physical state during childbirth. At present, organic surrogacy takes after the demonstration of exchange, when the child’s hereditary guardians control the proxy mother, utilizing their capacity and accounts. Natural surrogacy can give some would like to the ladies, who have ripeness issues, however just when successful enactment is created to administer the connections between organic guardians and proxy moms. Natural Surrogacy: The Case of Tiffany Burke and Crystal Kelley Biological surrogacy has gotten so normal in the United States, that it is not, at this point dishonorable for a lady to state that she is conveying somebody else’s kid. It is a wellspring of childbearing trusts in numerous fruitless ladies, just as a decent moneymaking open door for the ladies, who can shoulder and bring forth a kid. Tiffany Burke, 31, is presently pregnant with the twins she is conveying for her sibling and sister-in-law (Hudson, 2012). She is checking her wellbeing and calls herself as â€Å"60% organic† (Hudson, 2012). Tiffany says that the infants she is conveying were framed with her brother’s sperm and her sister’s egg (Hudson, 2012). She as of now has her very own offspring, and she comprehends what it wants to be pregnant. It is fascinating that Tiffany was the initiator of this pregnancy, after her sister’s uterus was evacuated because of uncontrolled dying (Hudson, 2012). She eats natural nourishments and utilizations vinegar rather than conventional cleanser. What she doesn't know is whether her pregnancy will work out positively for her, the children, and the natural guardians. She doesn't have a clue what she will do, in the event that anything turns out badly. This is the inquiry Crystal Kelley may have been posing to herself, when a pleasant couple she met at the play area concluded she could be their substitute (Chapin, 2013). When Kelley consented to turn into a proxy, she previously had two little girls and a shocking encounter of two unsuccessful labors (Chapin, 2013).Advertising Looking for article on family law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She was interested with the measure of consideration she was getting from the organic guardians. Anyway when, at 21 weeks, a ultrasound uncovered impressive wellbeing irregularities, the hereditary guardians offered $10,000 for Kelley to make a fetus removal (Caplan, 2013). Kelley won't and moved to Michigan, where she was allowed to control her body. She brought forth a young lady, who was embraced by the family that has enough budgetary intends to raise her and meet her wellbeing needs (Caplan, 2013; Chapin, 2013). Natural Surrogacy: The Why and How of the Problem Why Women Do It Biological surrogacy raises various mora l and legitimate issues, one of them being simply the privilege to self-governance, security, and control. All things considered, the quantity of families which apply to organic surrogacy keeps on expanding every year. The fundamental inquiry is the reason, in spite of such huge numbers of moral difficulties, families pick organic surrogacy. The appropriate response is basic: everybody needs to have their very own offspring. The truth of the matter is that egg gift and organic surrogacy extraordinarily increment women’s opportunities to become moms. As indicated by Steinbock (2004), a lady who is barren and utilizations her own eggs for in vitro preparation has a 15 percent opportunity to get pregnant, contrasted with a 40 percent chance for a lady, who uses gave eggs. The circumstance with organic surrogacy is very comparative: for some ladies who can't get pregnant normally, surrogacy gives the main genuine chance to have a youngster (Steinbock, 2004). Tiffany Burke, who is conveying the twins for her sibling and sister-in-law, sees how troublesome it isn't to have a kid, and this is presumably why she chose to forfeit her body for pregnancy. Nonetheless, Burke’s case is an uncommon case of honorability, in contrast to different cases, when surrogacy is simply an issue of cash and control. Natural Surrogacy as a Commodity With the nonappearance of powerful guidelines, organic surrogacy looks like the demonstration of exchange, where the youngster is traded for an extensive whole of cash, and the substitute mother is only a physical methods for having an infant. Commodification is one of the greatest moral issues with regards to egg gift and surrogacy. Ladies who give their eggs are paid somewhere in the range of $2,500 and $5,000 (Steinbock, 2004). Chrystal Kelley was paid $22,000 for her pregnancy and could get another $10,000, in the event that she consented to make a premature birth (Caplan, 2013). Accordingly, â€Å"surrogacy for cash is a bout cash †not love, or help, or charitableness or doing great. Cash is generally appealing to the individuals who need it most† (Caplan, 2013). Organic surrogacy is particularly similar to leasing the substitute mother’s belly for a decent total of cash. Absolutely, it is conceivable to state that everything in this world is purchased and sold. Researchers sell their brains; legal counselors sell their insight into the lawful strategies; and competitors offer their physical capacities and bodies to adapt to their day by day needs (Steinbock, 2004).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Biological Surrogacy in the United States explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More At times, people consent to sell their body parts and organs, when they have no other method to acquire for living. Be that as it may, they don't sell their spirits or votes, since it is ethically unsatisfactory. Nobody needs to be treated as property. All things considered, by and large, this is what befalls the ladies, who have consented to become proxy moms. Nobody says that organic surrogacy is completely off-base and ought not be permitted. Or maybe, surrogacy can't be allowed in its present-day structure. It ought to be altogether managed by the state, and it is express that should (or ought not) repay substitute moms for their honorable choices. At exactly that point, natural surrogacy will get good and adequate, when no money related premiums are included. Organic Surrogacy and Body Control Another issue is that of natural surrogacy and body control. Ladies who consent to lease their bellies for cash frequently have no voice in the clinical and money related choices with respect to their body. A large number of them comprehend that surrogacy is an enormous obligation (Hudson, 2012). For some others, the absence of authority over their bodies turns into a horrendous shock during pregnancy. Precious stone Kelley, who was solicited to prematurely e nd her youngster on the grounds that from the medical issues uncovered during a ultrasound, got a letter from a lawyer who was revealing to her that, under the surrogacy contract, she had no legitimate option to keep the kid (Caplan, 2013). Under the surrogacy contract, she was required to make a premature birth in the event that any medical issues were distinguished (Caplan, 2013). In any case, nobody can cause a lady to dispose of the unborn infant. By no means can this choice be viewed as legitimate (Caplan, 2013). Regardless of whether the substitute mother signs an agreement, its arrangements have no lawful force. The lawyer who was forcing Crystal Kelley to look for a fetus removal can lose his permit, since his letter was a genuine infringement of law (Caplan, 2013). In any case, natural surrogacy expands the dangers of abuse. In any event, giving enormous financial awards to surrogacy can turn into a type of intimidation. Numerous ladies can't avoid the impulse to win some c ash for being pregnant. Thus, they transform themselves into an item. The cash they get for conveying and bringing forth a youngster may not merit the dangers of abuse, which these ladies are confronting. Kelley was compromised that, in the event that she declined a premature birth, she would need to take care of the cash she had gotten from the hereditary guardians (Caplan, 2013). She was controlled to turn into a killer of the youngster, which is equivalent to a genuine wrongdoing. Nonetheless, she was sufficiently able to withstand the weight and bring forth a child.Advertising Searching for exposition on family law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More She had considerably more force and solidarity to discover a family that would think about the wiped out young lady. Glancing back at Kelley’s case, it is conceivable to state that â€Å"any substitute organization which passed on a proposal of cash to empower a fetus removal is liable of, best case scenario pay off and an endeavor to vulgarly control a defenseless woman† (Caplan, 2013). Presently, What Happens Next? Since the substitute youngster is conceived, what befalls him (her) and how are his (her) relations with the hereditary guardians create? This is the issue, which matters a great deal however doesn't get enough expert consideration. Organic surrogacy is regularly portrayed as a procedure that begins with egg and sperm gift and finishes, when the infant is conceived. However, plainly kids who are brought into the world through surrogacy come up short on a physical and mental connection with their hereditary guardians (Golombok, Readings, Blake, C

An Opinion On Prohibiting Banks From Engaging In Proprietary Trading - 1925 Words

An Opinion On Prohibiting Banks From Engaging In Proprietary Trading (Research Paper Sample) Content:    What is your opinion on prohibiting banks from engaging in proprietary trading? Discuss it with specific reference to your knowledge of banks. Word Count; 2016 The author’s opinion on prohibiting banks from engaging in proprietary trading Introduction The Volcker Rule is one of the most controversial sections of the Dodd-Frank Act. The rule, which came into effect in December 2013, seeks to prohibit banks from engaging in proprietary trading (Coffee, 2011). Proprietary trading, according to Boot and Ratnovski (2013), is speculative trading of financial instruments with the aim of profiteering on short-term price movements (Usually less than six months). Merkley and Levin (2011) also further adduce that even though speculative trading is a major function of banks, the Volcker Rule sought to limit the bank buying and selling in financial instruments in its capacity as a principal. Proponents of the Rule cite a decreased systemic risk that is accustomed to reduced excessive risk-taking in banks (Lehmann, 2016; Bubb and Kahan, 2017; Omaroya, 2010; Elliot and Rauch, 2014). Further, they argue that banning proprietary trading would lead to a culture change leaning towards conservative banking that is risk-averse and more customer oriented. That notwithstanding, the Rule is not without its critics. Scholars have raised concerns about the cost and effectiveness of the ban warning that the rule may adversely affect the market liquidity, increase the cost of transactions, negatively impact the value of securities and render borrowing expensive in the future (Brunnermier and Pedersen, 2008; Morgan, 2002; Wilmarth Jr, 2010; Whitehead, 2011). This paper thus seeks to analyze the perceived benefits pros and cons of banning proprietary banking. The paper will also explore the role of banks in an economy and conclude with the author’s opinion on whether proprietary b anking should be prohibited or not. Role of banks   Wilmarth (2012) defines a bank as an insured and licensed depository institution. Banks play a crucial role in the economy. One of the key functions of the bank is receiving funds from savers and allocating the same to borrowers efficiently and at a profit which is the difference between the interest charged and the interests earned (Rehlon and Nixon, 2013). In so doing, banks act as intermediaries between surplus and deficit economic agents. Another core function of banks is trading (Kroszner, 2000). Here, banks may trade financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, currencies, commodities, equities and other derivatives as financial intermediaries for their customers and sometimes in their capacity as a principal hence the term proprietary trading (Boot and Ratnovski, 2013). Trading involves speculative buying and selling of financial instruments for a profit. Other services offered by banks include risk management services, remittance of money, provision of liquidity to households and firms and promotion on entrepreneurship. Banks should be prohibited from engaging in proprietary trading This section of the paper explores the rationale for validating the prohibition of banks from engaging in proprietary trading. Generally, according to Lehmann (2016); Bubb and Kahan (2017); Omaroya (2010); Elliot and Rauch (2014), banning proprietary trading seeks to address five primary concerns being the creation of a safer banking system, cutting banks manageable and less risky sizes, reducing banks risk of default, promoting transparency and reducing the risk of fraud perpetration, and finally instituting a cultural change fostering risk averseness. To begin with, analysts believe that prohibiting banks from engaging in proprietary trading would make stand-alone organizations and the overall banking system secure. According to Manasfi (2012), the ban would safeguard banks from market risks and earnings instability hence reducing the risk of systemic failure emanating from regular shocks and contagion. Further, according to Kress (2011), systemic risk, a postulation of counterparty risk, occurs when chains of counterparties form to enter complementary transactions. It follows that the failure by a single large counterparty to honor its obligations may trigger a domino effect affecting the whole system (Bubb and Kahan 2017; Omaroya, 2010). Second, the prohibition would also reduce the size of banks making them less risky with regards to systemic risk. Lehman (2016) articulates the compulsion of the Federal Government to bail out AIG up to $85 billion using taxpayers' money during the 2008 financial crisis to avert a global financial meltdown as a result of the institution's liquidity crunch and inability to pay off its dues (Aragon and Stahan, 2012). The crisis of unwarranted risk-taking by banks through proprietary trading is also aggravated by the moral hazard that emanates from prescribed and informal government assurance. Riding under the banner of ‘too big to fail’, entities undertake risky ventures with the assurance that the taxpayers will bear much of the costs should it fail (Wilmarth, 2012). Third, barring banks from private equity and hedge fund operations straightforwardly solves a primary avenue of bank default risk. According to Ben-David, banks control up to 14 percent of Credit Default Swaps (CDS) and are the most active market players acting both as protection buyers and sellers. Accordantly, according to a 2009 survey, five banks, that is, JP Morgan Chase, Goldman Sachs, Citigroup, Morgan Stanley and Bank of America bore 96 percent of the CDS industry credit derivative risk exposure. Further, Kress (2011) asserts that one primary cause of bank failures during the recently ended financial crisis was involvement in equity trading and venture capital activities which shored up the risk of default. Thus prohibiting proprietary trading would reduce risk exposure hence stability. Next, as in the case of the USA, another concern for establishing the Volcker rule was the need for increased transparency and lower risk of fraud. Kroszner (2000) asserts that proprietary trading by banks generates a conflict of interest vis-à  -vis their customers’ plight. For instance, banks would profiteer from waging against financial instruments that they had themselves created and later sold to their customers. To deter this, the rule set out to enumerate compliance provisions prompting banks to list securities and the rationale for investing in them alongside documentation of compensation schemes for dealers not linked to revenues from proprietary arrangements (Quirk, 2013). Lastly, it is imperative to end proprietary trading by banks to promote the conservative risk management culture of banks. Lehman (2016); Manasfi (2012) argue that in the absence of proprietary activities, banks would shift back to their risk-averse and client-focused culture. This would require moving or sacking risk-taking managers who are motivated by colossal compensation packages as a result of assuming risky activities. Banks should NOT be prohibited from engaging in proprietary trading There are four significant setbacks linked to the execution of the Volcker Rule being disruption of market activities, reduced diversification of bank portfolios, failure of prohibition to eliminate risk exposure and failure of the ban to address the real cause of bank failure (Brunnermier and Pedersen, 2008; Morgan, 2002; Wilmarth Jr, 2010; Whitehead, 2011). This section shall begin with exploring the benefits of proprietary trading to banks. Then, it will examine each reason and highlight its implications. Banks carry out proprietary trading to shore up their profits and diversify risk. Here, the bank acts as principals in their capacity and utilize their capital to engage in short-term speculation activities (Aragon and Strahan, 2012). A significant departure from serving as a broker and earning commissions is that the bank earns 100 percent of the profits in the trading. Further, owing to their capacity, banks can leverage better technologies such as using algorithms and other software to buy, sell and evaluate securities, something that other retailers fall short (Quirk, 2013). With the disruption of market activities, Brunnermier and Pedersen (2008) assert that banks are a major player in financial markets and thus market makers. Accordingly, prohibiting banks from engaging in proprietary activities would make them retreat hence reducing their operations. The net effect would be reducing the market capitalization on financial instruments, reducing the market liquidity, increasing transactional costs, mispricing of assets and higher risk premiums hence higher lending costs. Morgan (2002) also argues that banks hire and retain well train A class asset managers and thus prohibiting banks from engaging in trade would provide a gap for B class managers to venture hence degrading the quality trade activities. Second, banks may always need to engage in some form of trading to supplement the income from lending activities to stay afloat (Silvers and Slaykin , 2009; Morgan, 2002; Quirk, 2013). Prohibiting proprietary trading will reduce therefore reduce diversification and profitability. Although proprietary activities are highly volatile, they represent a significant part, 30 percent, of a bank's overall income (Wilmarth Jr, 2010). Proprietary activities are also a sure way of spreading risks as they are loosely linked to the primary revenue streams of an insured depository institution. Consequently, lower profits and fewer revenue streams may adversely impact on the stability of the institution. Further, other than profitability concerns, costs associated with compliance to the ban would increase operating costs hence affect the balance sheet. Such permanent costs may be associated with lower credit ratings which may require banks to borrow at higher prices (Whitehead, 2011). Third, prohibiting banks from engaging in proprietary activit...

Media s Influence On Women Essay - 1628 Words

Media enforces the social-cultural standards, which women are required to follow in order to look and behave in a manner that society considers acceptable. Newspapers, commercials, posters, magazines, fliers, reality shows, and cartoons only name a few of our everyday interaction with the media (Scholar, C.2011). However, these standards presented by media send a false perception of women, thus portraying women in a negative and disrespectful manner. Society views woman as mentally, morally, and physically inferior to men, and media is only highlighting this idea (Scholar, C.2011). In fact, media represents women in a stereotypical form of beauty, they display women as sexual objects, and create the illusion that women are ignorant. To begin with, the media industry has the power to decide what reaches the public’s eye; therefore, they present to the public their versions of what â€Å"beautiful’ women should appear like. The media has created their version of what the â€Å"ideal body† should be. They continuously show the audience photographic images of models that appear extremely thin. Media meticulously chooses women with bodies which media calls â€Å"sexy†. Spectators rarely get a glance of women who are overweight. For example, all of the actress that make an appearance on television shows are below what is considered a healthy weight. Yet, this concept is what media has defined as beautiful, influencing many women to obtain a thin figure. As a result, of these messages sent byShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On Women1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe way the media portrays the female gender is far from realistic, and consequently, the pressure to put your ‘best’ self forward has never been more prevalent. Each time I see a model on the cover of a magazine, or even a slightly altered photo, I find myself making comparisons. Unfortunately, even knowing that most cover images are digitally altered, the question o f how my own body measures up still haunts me. Since the average American female will collect over 250,000 persuasive media messages byRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Women Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesThose media with tendentious views always lead to people deepen misconceptions. The media prefer to use hyper-sexualized images to sell products, ideas, and services keep people’s eyes. In fact, using hyper-sexualized images to sell products, ideas, and services is just good for enterprise, but it will change people’s idea, and keep women in an unfair state. In addition, the media catch people’s mentality, which are people are more interested in what did not know before, or they do not have. ForRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Women1659 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior as well. Women on television are constantly fighting, backstabbing, and being obnoxious in attempts to be recognized in the celebrity world. The media is the leading outlet to the people of the w orld. It affects everybody whether you want to believe it or not. Body dissatisfaction is defined as â€Å"a negative subjective evaluation of the weight and shape of one’s own body†. (Eating Disorders). Body dissatisfaction is very common in women, but more in young girls. The media portrays women as a prizeRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Women1909 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent societal views. In America, famous, wealthy women exposed their pregnancy to the whole world. Most celebrities do this through the use of media. The way media revealed child bearing is through nude photos of pregnant celebrities: mothers covering their breasts with one hand, while placing, or holding their baby bump with their other hand. Although many portrayed this act as innocent and beautiful, others claim it is immoral and wrong, believing women should reveal their pregnancy with respect toRead MoreMedia Influence On Women s Body Image1688 Words   |  7 Pagesthe female sex, especial ly through media. â€Å"Americans spend about 68 hours per week exposed to various forms of media† (US Census Bureau 2009). This media exposure through outlets such as t.v., radio, music videos, movies, and the internet, all influence the way people think about gender. The media influence is very evident in the way people view women and think about women in different cultures. Media influence on women creates negative viewpoints with how women view themselves and even how men viewRead MoreMedia s Influence On Beauty Standards Of Women1213 Words   |  5 PagesMedia’s Influence on Beauty Standards of Women There are several types of social standards that are held in the world today. Among those standards are the beauty standards of how women should look. This is one of the most talked about topic of discussions today. It is safe to say that the media is the reason to blame for these undocumented sets of beauty standards that women should abide by because of the types of women that are portrayed through the media. The unrealistic beauty standards the mediaRead MoreSocial Media s Influence On Women1249 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout history women specifically have felt the need to change their physical appearance in order to be accepted by societies beauty ideal. 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Importance Of Biostatistics And A Critique - 1258 Words

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Evaluation Of Hand Hygiene Compliance Free Solution

Question: You are the Nurse Unit Manager on a hospital medical ward. The infection control team recently identified low hand hygiene compliance (20%) of your staff. You need to put in place measures to increase hand hygiene compliance on your ward. Discuss what evidence based measures you would put in place to improve hand hygiene compliance. Answer: Introduction Now days it has been seen that infections are spreading at a considerable rate through low hand hygiene compliance among the staff members of a hospital. According to Azim McLaws (2014) one of the most important methods of preventing the increase of pathogens that includes viruses and bacteria in a hospital medical ward can be through maintaining hand hygiene. So, it has no become a major issue among the unit managers of a hospital in increasing the hand hygiene compliances among the staff members of the ward. Boyce (1999) commented on the fact that hand hygiene is essential in the medical ward for keeping the patients safe from infections and thereby it reduces the chances of infections. Moreover, hand hygiene is essential in order to prevent the further spread of hand spread diseases among the patients that are coming due to low hand hygiene factors. 1) Clinical Questions that are answerable with research evidence Despite the modern development in the healthcare systems, the patients are still staying vulnerable towards the inadvertent harm in the hospitals. It is seen that nearly 20% of the staff members in the hospital medical ward are identified to have low hand hygiene conformity by the infection control team. Dunton DeVita (2012) had a view that this is one of the major factors that increase the chances of spreading the infectious diseases among the patients. It is to be remembered that the patients arrive at the hospital in order to cure themselves from the persisting diseases rather than getting themselves more infected by other diseases that are caused through unhygienic practice maintained by the staff members. Kumar et al. (2014) commented that the nurses who come in close contact with the patients get their hands contaminated in the due course of routine care of the patients. Contamination of hands occur due to coming in contact with the materials and contaminated surfaces at the t ime of changing the dresses of the patients, checkups and at the time of giving medicines. In addition to this, Peters (2010) opinioned that at the time of helping out the patients at the time of their visits in bathroom or inserting the catheter in the urinary system and later not washing the hands properly is another cause of contamination of hands. So, in order to give the patients the right amount of care and hygiene in the hospital and not making them infected with others diseases, requirement of hand hygiene is essential within the hospital environment. In addition to this, Dunton DeVita (2012) commented that based on PIO, practitioners facilitate evidence based practice. PIO is the acronym of Population Intervention Outcome. The population signifies the patients and their characteristics of diseases. The Intervention refers to the influence of diseases on other Patients and staff members if not the staff has washed their hands. According to Azim McLaws (2014) the Outcome of this can that microbes will spread from the infected patients to other patients that may cause harmful results and even death of the patients. On the other hand, PICO is same that of PIO but the C signifies comparison component that is needed as an alternative of the diseases. In addition to this, Sakihama et al. (2014) commented that hand hygiene reduces the spread of infections to nearly 75%. It is statistically measured that nearly 4-5 millions of patients die every year due to low hand hygiene among the staff members. Singh Joy (2010) also had an opinion that in the initial development of the hospital facilities, maintenance of hand hygiene is one of the initial factor that need to be taken care of among the patients. This is mainly done to secure the patients from the contaminated diseases and also to maintain the hygiene factor among the hospital environment. There are some questions asked to staff members that are answerable with research evidence are given below: a) How often do you wash your hand daily in clinics? b) How far are you concerned about maintaining cleanliness in clinics? c) To what extent you know that microbes are spread through low hygiene? 2. Searching for as well as collecting evidences addressing the questions According to Simon Costers (2011) the pathogens are the viruses and bacteria that are spread through low hand hygiene compliances of the medical ward of the hospital through the staff members. The areas that are around the perineum and other areas such as trunk, hand and armpits are loaded with microbes and touching those areas and then not washing hands properly may cause transmit of diseases from one place to another. Girard et al. (2002) commented on the fact that the types of microbes are- Klebsiella, Candida, Norovirus, Rotavirus, Hepatitis A virus, Adenovirus, Enterobacter etc. are spread on the hands of the staff members of health care unit. Moreover, diseases such as chronic dermatitis, chronic renal failure, and diabetes also cause microbes that are also spread through low hand hygiene factor. Lee (2014) had a view that even after taking the pulse, temperature, touching the hands, shoulder of the patients and also by taking readings of blood pressure makes the hands of the staff members and nurses contaminated. Patient gowns, bedside furniture, bed lines etc if not properly washed using disinfectants can also spread microbes through the hands of the nurses and other health care staff members. Mumford et al. (2014) had an opinion that the pathogenic organism that transmits the pathogens through hands is present on the skin of the infected patients and are transferred through the hands of the nurses and healthcare workers. Inadequate cleaning of the hands or not cleaning at all and touching the other patients also spread the microbes from one patient to the other. Ataei et al. (2013) had a view that this thereby makes the environment of the hospital full of microbes and the patients become susceptible towards other chronic diseases. 3) Appraising and synthesizing evidence According to Berger Glenn (2012) the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or CDC has a review regarding the maintenance of hand hygiene among the staff members of a hospital in order to maintain the hygiene factors among the hospital environment and patients. The health care workers and the nurses get their hands contaminated by using two types of pathogens such as transient or contaminating and resident or colonized micro-organisms. So, Budimir-Hussey et al. (2013) had a vision that the nurses or healthcare units should not wear any kind of jewellery, rings or watches that can lead to colonization of bacteria underneath the skin that causes the spread of contaminated diseases. According to CDC guidelines, hand drying is equally important similar to drying of hands since the micro-organisms tend to thrive in a moist atmosphere. Azim McLaws (2014) had a view that according to the guidelines of CDC, the medical staff members need to adopt procedures for hand hygiene such as usi ng antiseptics, alcohols, antibacterial soaps at the time of touching each of the patient or after seeing and touching the contaminated patients. Birnbach (2012) commented on the fact that the surgical instruments also need to be washed properly after the operations done and also before doing the operation. Proper usage of gloves, gowns also need to be treated and disinfected before and after the patients are operated or given medicines and fitting medical equipments into the body of the patients. Hintikka, Kainulainen Anttila (2010) had an opinion that the guidelines of CDC have clearly mentioned that the health care unit staff members need to wash their hand before touching a patient, before a procedure and after the procedure that exposes the body fluid and can cause infection. In addition to this, even after touching the patient and after touching the surroundings of the patients, the health care units that includes the staffs and nurse need to wash hands properly using disinfectants in order to prevent the spread of contaminated diseases (Kouni et al. 2014). 4) Evidence based measures along with patient preferences and local context According to Pittet (2000) the medical sciences are getting advanced day to day with the introduction of modern technology, medicines and modern medical devices. But along with the advancement of medical science, the issues and diseases that are caused with the low hand hygiene is also increasing in a fast pace. So, in order to prevent the spread of contaminated diseases through hands, the hygiene factor needs to be improved in a considerable rate for maintaining the hygiene within the medical wards and hospital. Stewardson, Russo Grayson (2014) had an opinion that the promotion of hand hygiene within the hospital and among the medical staff members is not less than 150 years. This is done in order to use hygienic methods for prevention of contaminated diseases among the patients through the hands of the medical staff members. Kumar et al. (2014) commented on the fact that previously the rate of infection that was caused due to low hand hygiene was high; 1 patient out of 5 patients get infected through it. This was caused due to less usage of disinfectants and sanitation and thereby caused spread of infection among the patients. But due to the promotional activities such as information leaflets, lectures, automated dispensers and workshops also help in improving the mentality of the medical workers and thereby this resulted in the improvement of usage of antiseptics for cleaning the hands. According to Dunton DeVita (2012) these promotional activities also help in making the health care staff members to understand the utility and importance of usage of antiseptics, antibacterial soaps and usage keeping their hands clean for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. It has been statically measured that now day the ratio of deaths regarding the spread of contaminated diseases has reduced to an extent bu t still has not reduced completely. Still, 20% of the staff members are not using proper disinfectants and that is causing the spread of the microbes among the other patients (Gillen, 2015). 5) Effectiveness regarding the intervention and decision With the increase in consciousness regarding the requirement of hand hygiene necessity, the health care staff members that include nurses, doctors and other workforce members need to use proper substances for the purpose of hand hygiene. According to Azim McLaws (2014) the substances that are essential for the purpose of cleaning the hands and making it disinfectant are- soaps and detergents, antibacterial soaps, hand sanitizers, ash and mud. Using these substances, the micro-organisms that causes the spread of contaminated diseases are killed thereby making the patients free from the other infectious diseases. Birnbach (2012) commented on the fact that usage of alcohol based hand rubs, the microbes automatically gets removed that result in reducing the spread of microbes among the patients. In addition to this, the usage of disinfectant medical gloves and gowns also help in reducing the ill effects of the contaminated diseases and their spread. Conclusion Throughout this literature review, it is seen that there are several ill-effects of the infectious diseases that are spread through low hand hygiene among the staff members of the medical ward. It is therefore essential to use hand hygiene by washing hands with disinfectants and thereby drying them for the future purpose. The gloves and gowns along with other medical equipments also need to be disinfected and cleaned before their usage for operating or curing or testing the patients. In addition to this, the CDC guidelines are also discussed regarding the necessity and requirement of hand hygiene. Moreover the evidence based measures that are adopted for increasing the consciousness regarding hand hygiene is also discussed vividly. References Ataei, B., Zahraei, S., Pezeshki, Z., Babak, A., Nokhodian, Z., Mobasherizadeh, S., Hoseini, S. (2013). Baseline evaluation of hand hygiene compliance inthree major hospitals, Isfahan, Iran. Journal Of Hospital Infection, 85(1), 69-72. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2013.07.001 Azim, S., McLaws, M. (2014). Doctor, do you have a moment? National Hand Hygiene Initiative compliance in Australian hospitals. The Medical Journal Of Australia, 200(9), 534-537. doi:10.5694/mja13.11203 Azim, S., McLaws, M. (2014). Doctor, do you have a moment? National Hand Hygiene Initiative compliance in Australian hospitals. The Medical Journal Of Australia, 200(9), 534-537. doi:10.5694/mja13.11203 Berger, B., Glenn, L. (2012). Multidisciplinary hand hygiene factors in hospitals. American Journal Of Infection Control, 40(7), 682. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.05.006 Birnbach, D. (2012). Hand hygiene compliance by visitors to hospitalswe can do better.  Response to letter titled Hand hygiene compliance by visitors to hospitalscan we do better? . American Journal Of Infection Control, 40(9), 900. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.07.009 Boyce, J. (1999). It Is Time for Action: Improving Hand Hygiene in Hospitals. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 130(2), 153. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-2-199901190-00011 Budimir-Hussey, M., Ciprietti, L., Ahmed, F., Tarola, C., Lo, A., El-Masri, M. (2013). Exploring Physician Hand Hygiene Practices and Perceptions in 2 Community-Based Canadian Hospitals. Journal Of Patient Safety, 9(3), 140-144. doi:10.1097/pts.0b013e318283f56d Dunton, D., DeVita, S. (2012). State Public Health Department Performs External Observations of Hand Hygiene Compliance in All Maine Acute Care Hospitals, 2011. American Journal Of Infection Control, 40(5), e159-e160. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.282 Girard, R., Aho, L., Goetz, M., Labadie, J., Lejeune, B. (2002). Alcohol-based hand gels and hand hygiene in hospitals. The Lancet, 360(9344), 1510-1511. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11444-9 Hintikka, A., Kainulainen, K., Anttila, V. (2010). Two reality TV series reveal the reality of hand hygiene compliance in two Finnish hospitals. Journal Of Hospital Infection, 76, S46. doi:10.1016/s0195-6701(10)60155-7 Kouni, S., Kourlaba, G., Mougkou, K., Maroudi, S., Chavela, B., Nteli, C. et al. (2014). Assessment of Hand Hygiene Resources and Practices at the 2 Childrens Hospitals in Greece. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 33(10), e247-e251. doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000000376 Kumar, P., Gupta, S., Kapil, A., Vij, A., Singh, I. (2014). A Comparative Study of Hand Hygiene Practices in Operation Theaters in Tertiary Level Hospitals in Delhi, India. JRFHHA, 2, 87-93. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10035-1021 Lee, A. (2014). Hand hygiene and bacteraemia rates in Australian hospitals. Australian And New Zealand Journal Of Public Health, 38(1), 87-87. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12160 Mumford, V., Greenfield, D., Hogden, A., Debono, D., Gospodarevskaya, E., Forde, K. et al. (2014). Disentangling quality and safety indicator data: a longitudinal, comparative study of hand hygiene compliance and accreditation outcomes in 96 Australian hospitals. BMJ Open, 4(9), e005284-e005284. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005284 Peters, J. (2010). Insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of measures to prevent occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Evidence-Based Nursing, 14(1), 21-22. doi:10.1136/ebn.14.1.21 Pittet, D. (2000). Improving Compliance With Hand Hygiene in Hospitals . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 21(6), 381-386. doi:10.1086/501777 Sakihama, T., Honda, H., Saint, S., Fowler, K., Shimizu, T., Kamiya, T. et al. (2014). Hand Hygiene Adherence Among Health Care Workers at Japanese Hospitals. Journal Of Patient Safety, 1. doi:10.1097/pts.0000000000000108 Simon, A., Costers, M. (2011). Impact of three multimodal countrywide campaigns to promote hand hygiene in Belgian hospitals. BMC Proceedings, 5(Suppl 6), O63. doi:10.1186/1753-6561-5-s6-o63 Singh Joy, S. (2010). Hand Hygiene in Hospitals. AJN, American Journal Of Nursing, 110(7), 66-67. doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000383941.60838.20 Stewardson, A., Russo, P., Grayson, M. (2014). Doctor, do you have a moment? National Hand Hygiene Initiative compliance in Australian hospitals. The Medical Journal Of Australia, 201(5), 264-265. doi:10.5694/mja14.00718 Gillen, S. (2015). More nurses getting dermatitis as a result of hand hygiene campaigns.Nursing Standard,29(24), 0-0. doi:10.7748/ns.29.24.0.2924990